Could Fungal Infections be Linked to the Development of Cancer?
Addressing fungal infections may present a unique approach to preventing cancer in individuals with compromised immune systems. Some scientists are exploring innovative methods to combat cancer, and one such approach involves tackling fungal infections. A 2021 study published in Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin (APB) reveals that epidemiological evidence establishes a clear connection between fungal infections and the development of cancer. This association is frequently observed in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with AIDS.
The relevance of the connection between cancer and fungal infections is highlighted by the alarming statistics of cancer cases worldwide. In 2018 alone, there were 18.1 million new cases of cancer and 9.5 million deaths resulting from it. Experts predict that by 2040, the number of new cases will rise to 29.5 million, with cancer-related deaths reaching 16.4 million. In an effort to combat the rising incidence rates, some scientists are investigating the underlying risk factors of the disease.
According to the APB study, cancer has a wide range of risk factors, including microbial infections, obesity, diet, sex and nation, lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exposure to environmental pollutants. Another study published in Microbial Pathogenesis in 2020 found that microbial infections contribute to approximately 20 percent of all cancer cases. Within this 20 percent, fungal infections play a role in some cases.
The APB study identifies several common species of fungi associated with cancer, including Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, Aspergillus flavus, and A. parasiticus. These fungi produce cancer-causing chemicals, such as acetaldehyde, mycotoxins, nitrosamine, and proinflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the increased risk of cancer.
Fungal infections can affect anyone, but they are more likely to occur in individuals with weakened immune systems. Certain health conditions, such as HIV/AIDS and organ transplants, make it more challenging to fight off fungal infections. Additionally, staying in healthcare facilities and taking medications that affect immunity can also increase the risk of fungal infections.
To combat fungal infections, doctors may recommend prophylactic treatment using antifungal medications for individuals with weakened immunity. It is difficult to completely avoid exposure to fungi, as they are present in the environment, including soil, outdoor vegetation, skin, and indoor surfaces. However, certain measures can reduce exposure, such as avoiding areas with dust and bird or bat droppings, wearing protective clothing, and using gloves when handling certain materials.
While antifungal medications are available, they may have side effects, and drug-resistant fungal strains are emerging. Consequently, researchers are exploring natural alternatives derived from compounds found in garlic, curcumin (found in turmeric), and propolis (a mixture of beeswax and pollen). These natural agents have shown promising antifungal properties and could serve as potential alternatives to synthetic drugs.
It is important to note that while many individuals with cancer also have fungal infections, this does not necessarily mean that the infections themselves cause cancer. However, the authors of the APB study express concern that these infections may contribute to the risk of precancerous lesions. Therefore, efforts to prevent fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals appear to be worthwhile.
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