Showdown Coming Over Race-Based Admissions as Supreme Court Prepares to Hear Arguments in Lawsuit

The future of racial quotas in university admissions will depend largely on the outcome of one of the most hotly disputed and closely watched cases of the Supreme Court’s new term.

On Oct. 31, the court is scheduled to hear oral arguments in the long-running case of Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College, which will address the use of race-based admissions policies not only at Harvard but at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill.

The lawsuit, which seeks to overturn the 2003 ruling in Grutter v. Bollinger permitting universities to consider race in admissions decisions with a view to augmenting diversity, began as two separate legal actions against the two institutions. Their contention was that such discriminatory policies unfairly disadvantage Asian-American applicants (and, in the case of UNC, white applications) in violation of Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

In January, the court consolidated the two actions into a single lawsuit, only to split them up again in order to allow new Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, who has served on Harvard’s board of overseers, to participate in the UNC case while recusing herself from the one involving Harvard.

During her confirmation hearings, Jackson gave assurances to Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) that she would stay out of the Harvard case to avoid a conflict of interest.

Harvard’s Woes

The case has drawn national attention and, in the case of Harvard, proved to be a major headache when it emerged that the university missed the deadline for filing a claim with its excess insurance provider, Zurich American Insurance, for coverage of legal costs. As a consequence of its sloppiness, the university risks being unable to recoup an additional $15 million in legal fees after the school exhausted its $25 million claim limit with its primary insurer.

Edward Blum, the founder of Students for Fair Admissions that brought the legal actions, described an “adversarial” stance on the part of the universities.

Such a stance is not only played out in the courtroom, but also by university leadership who “play an adversarial role in defending what they do and arguing for racial classifications and racial preferences in admissions,” Blum told The Epoch Times.

Harvard has responded publicly to his lawsuit with lengthy postings on its website setting forth its stance regarding the case and why it believes race-based admissions policies to be justified.

The university also went so far as to label Blum an “anti-race conscious admissions activist,” and stated that “The allegations from Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA), a private organization working to end the consideration of race in admissions, are dangerously misleading, distorting data to reach preconceived and wrong conclusions.”

The school’s singling out of Blum by name may have overstepped certain bounds, he acknowledged.

“One could say it wasn’t necessary for Harvard to identify me by name on their website. I am the president of an organization that is the named plaintiff. But every lawsuit needs a villain and every lawsuit needs a hero,” Blum said.

Contrary to Harvard’s assertion that the lawsuit grew out of “preconceived conclusions,” Blum described a long and meticulous process of meeting with officials and gathering and analyzing data to reach a basis on which to assess the fairness and legality of the university’s policies.

“We presented our evidence after years and years of discovery, where we interviewed officials at Harvard and UNC and were given documents showing that Harvard and UNC basically had a quota system that will limit the number of Asians at Harvard and the number of Asians and whites at UNC,” Blum said.

“Quotas, like the ones we believe are in force, have been struck down in court as outside the boundaries of the role that race is allowed to play in college admissions. We believe that classifying students by race and ethnicity, and treating them differently, violates our civil rights laws and our constitution,” he added.

Strong Data

The lawsuit targeting Harvard relies heavily on econometric data compiled by Duke University economics professor Peter Arcidiacono, who argued, in a 168-page report (pdf), that Harvard’s policies were most favorable to African-American applicants, followed by Hispanics, and then by whites, and that Asian applicants were the worst off.

Arcidiacono described the case of a hypothetical Asian male applicant whose scholastic achievements and qualifications afforded him a 25 percent chance of admission. That same applicant would have a 36 percent chance of admission if he were white, a 77 percent chance if Hispanic, and a 95 percent chance if black, the professor determined.

“Race plays a significant role in admissions decisions,” wrote Arcidiacono.

Blum’s methodology also rests on evidence and figures uncovered in the course of his lengthy discovery indicating that, in 1993, approximately 19 percent of incoming freshmen at Harvard were Asian, and in 2014, the year he initiated his legal action against the school, the percentage was the same. This seemed off given that the number of people of Asian descent applying to Harvard has grown markedly during and since the period in question.

“This is only one small element of the data that we presented to the courts to prove that Harvard is trying to racially ‘balance’ every ethnic group within its freshman class,” he said.

Blum clarified that while Harvard is a privately-owned institution, it does accept federal funds, and therefore has an obligation to comply with statutes involving race and ethnicity, namely Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which explicitly bars racial discrimination “under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

Harvard could go the route of some schools, like Hillsdale College in Michigan, which have opted not to receive federal funds and thereby exempt themselves from such requirements and devise whatever admissions policies they please, Blum acknowledged. But as long as the university receives federal funds, it must comply.

Outcome Not Certain

In Blum’s view, the evidence may be clear but the Supreme Court could still go either way in its decision.

“There are a number of possible outcomes. One would be that the court rejects our arguments and says Harvard and the University of North Carolina are not violating the current legal boundaries, and [racial quotes are] permitted, and we lose. The next possibility would be that the schools are found to be in violation of these boundaries, and they are told, ‘Shame on you, now go back and fix what you’re doing,’” he said.

If the lawsuit has its intended result, it will not only strike down racial quotas at Harvard and UNC, but will set a precedent that will ultimately spell the end of race-based admissions policies at colleges and universities throughout the country, Blum added.

But he acknowledged that, in the event of an unfavorable ruling for the universities, either school may pursue appeals or look for ways to cheat.

“This may be the end of the beginning, rather than the beginning of the end,” Blum said.

The Epoch Times has reached out to Harvard and UNC for comment.